ARABICUM

Arabicum is an annual flower used in fresh bouquets, usually grown from bulbs. The foliage and the stem of this cut-flower originates from the bulb. Several leaves are produced on the mother bulb and bulb-lets are produced before the inflorescence is initiated. Only one stem is produced by each bulb.

  This annual flower is gaining popularity among small scale farmers because they are easy to grow, they yield higher returns to farmers. Thus many Non governmental organizations are promoting the cultivation of this flower on their poverty eradication efforts with great success.

ECOLOGICAL REQUIREMENTS OF ARABICUM

Arabicum grows best in a cool climate at elevations of 1500-2000 Meters above sea level in Kenya.

Arabicum requires a growing temperature of 22-28 degrees.

Arabicum requires deep fertile well drained soils preferably with a slightly acid to neutral PH.

SUITABLE AREAS FOR GROWING ARABICUM IN KENYA

Areas where it is commonly grown include warm to cool areas such as Limuru, Redhill, Kericho and Embu.

CULTURAL PRACTISES CONDUCTED ON ARABICUM

Planting: the crop can be grown either from seed or bulbs. Initial planting material is bought, and then in subsequent years the crop is grown from previous years bulb-lets. The bulbs are planted in raised beds made from well ploughed land raised 10-15 cm high and 1 m wide and with 50 cm paths

Before planting the bulb-lets, they are sun-cured by spreading them in the sun for 7-9 weeks. The cured bulbs are planted by placing either on the soil surface( in warm areas) or in shallow holes(in cold areas). The bulbs are set with the roots facing downwards. Immediately after planting the bulbs should be irrigated to ensure rapid sprouting.

SPACING OF ARABICUM

This depends on the bulb size. Optimum spacing is 35-60 bulb-lets per square meters. On a 1 meter wide bed, four rows at 20cm apart are planted, with the bulbs 10 cm apart in the row.

FERTILIZER APPLICATION ON ARABICUM

The rate and type of fertilizer to be used depends on inherent soil fertility. Prior to planting, incorporate well rotted manure into the beds at a rate of 20kg/M². At planting, add NPK 20:10:!0 or 17:17:17 at 50-100g per plant depending on soil fertility. During plant growth, do not apply large quantities of nitrate fertilizer as this only leads to vegetative growth at the expense of the flowers.

IRRIGATION OF ARABICUM

Arabicum requires plenty of water for quality flowers. During the growing season, the new bulbs form as leaves and stems extend. The roots from the original bulb anchor the plants and provide water and nutrients.

HARVESTING OF ARABICUM

It starts 3-4 months from planting. Arabicum starts to produce a stout flower stem with 8-12 scented white flowers with black centers. The flower stem is cut at the base, when 2-3 flowers on the stem are showing a white flush flush and are fully opened. They are immersed in cold water and moved out of the sun as soon as possible, harvesting continues over a 4-5 month period.

GRADING OF ARABICUM

Grading by stem length

Longer stems with a well developed blooms are classified as the best grade.

Grade I-70 cm long

Grade II- 50 cm long 

Grade III- 40 cm long

POST HARVEST HANDLING OF ARABICUM

It is important to wrap the flowers with clean paper to avoid damage to the flowers during transport. Stems are packed in tens per bunch. Arabicum does not require any special preservative but the use of a bactericide in  the water is recommended.

LIFTING OF ARABICUM

After harvesting the flowers, the roots and stems die  back. When foliage has died back, the bulbs are lifted carefully and prepared for storage, by drying. Storage of the bulbs should be on racks in a shady location. Bulbs break their dormancy after 6-8 weeks.

YIELD OF ARABICUM

15-20 stems/M²

 

Want To Keep Avocados Fresh Before Customer? Here is What Every Avocado Farmer Must Know

  If Avocado farmers can adhere to some straightforward rules, they can keep their fruits fresh for weeks before they reach the customer. This includes the following;
Having healthy avocado trees
Knowing when to harvest mature avocado fruits
Avoiding injuries on harvested avocado fruits
Minimizing field heat during harvesting.

Daniel bought a dozen avocados from the market a fortnight ago. They looked so fresh and yummy. He had no doubt that he would enjoy eating the fruits once he got home. Some of the fruits he bought were unripe. Daniel wanted to eat the unripe avocados as ripened slowly over the next 4 days.

Some of them were ripe, and he hoped to eat them that evening. When he cut the ripe ones, he discovered that all of them were bad.

“I felt like a loser!”, Said Daniel. “even the unripe, were immature fruits.  Instead of  ripening, the unripe avocados deteriorated until they turned sour."

This is the story of many avocado buyers.
After they buy avocados from the market, they suffer anguish because they cannot eat the fruits when they get home. 
When they discover the fruit they bought was not worth the prize because a fungal infection or a physical injury that they never identified during purchase resulted in the fruits going bad! Unfortunately, once goods like fruits are bought, they cannot be returned.

Small-scale farmers face the challenge of keeping their avocados fruits fresh; immediately after harvest and during transit to the customer.

It ascertains that once a enables the fruits if they are in good condition, he can keep them for about 4-5 days without going bad, but this rarely happens; often the fruits have started going bad when he receives them.

Photo of an avocado tree

Most small-scale farmers have little or no knowledge on;

when and how to spray trees with fungicides and pesticides, when and how to harvest and postharvest treatment of fruits once harvested.

The availability and understanding of this information are critical for the supply of high-quality fruits to the customer.

A farmer should seek to know the appropriate cultural practices that he can maintain so that he can produce high-quality products.

1. KEEPING AVOCADO TREES HEALTHY

Healthy trees produce high-quality fruits that are free from pests and diseases. To achieve this objective is not difficult. 
All a farmer needs is his ensure his trees are regularly sprayed
The soil is supplied with the recommended nutrients, 
The farm is free from drainage problems, the farm should be free of weeds, and the plants are irrigated during the dry season.

2. KNOW WHEN AVOCADO FRUITS ARE READY FOR HARVEST

Whenever fruits are harvested when they are immature or when they are over-mature, they present some challenges to the farmer.

For instance, if the fruits are harvested immature, they will take too long to ripen or wouldn’t ripen at all.

On the other hand, When they are over-mature, they will soil before they reach the customer.  

To avoid the aforementioned stresses, various indices have been developed by research that enables a farmer to determine the correct time to harvest the fruits and to ascertain whether they are mature.

They include the following;

• Changes in skin color.

Green colored fruits are ready for harvest when they have acquired a yellowish tint. In some varieties, the fruit color changes from green to purple or brown indicating readiness for harvest.

However, it should be noted that some diseases induce pre-mature ripening of fruits thus giving the impression that the fruit is ready for harvest.

• The firmness of the stalk attachment

Fruits attached firmly to the stalk are too immature for harvest while those that are too loose are too mature for sale.

• The floating test/specific gravity test

Immature fruits sink when placed in water because their specific gravity is higher at 1.02-0.95g/cm3 compared to ripe fruits that range from 0.9-0.85g/cm3.

• The appearance of the skin membrane

When an immature fruit is sliced open,  the seed of the fruit is enclosed by a yellowish white to light brown seed coat, on the other hand, mature fruits have a  thin, brown to a dark brown seed coat.

3. REDUCING INJURIES TO AVOCADO FRUITS

Injuries occur on fruits when they are mistreated for instance dropping them down from a tree during harvesting, allowing them to knock each or other or against a container as they are being transported.

These injuries or bruises become entry sources for microorganisms responsible for rotting or these wounds turn black thus reducing the visual appeal of the fruits.

Bruising or injuries increase the rate of respiration in the fruits, which in turn increases the rate of ripening and senescence.

To reduce injuries caused by dropping fruits during harvest, Ensure the height and shape of the tree is conducive to work on since tall, shapeless trees make harvesting dangerous and difficult.

The height of a tree can be reduced by cutting off the vertical branches to reduce vertical growth and encourage horizontal growth.

During harvesting, the stalk is cut 3 cm from fruit leaving a small portion attached on the fruit, but not to be pulled. Pulling results in the removal of the stalk, therefore creating an opening for diseases and pests.

4. MINIMIZE EFFECT OF FIELD HEAT ON AVOCADO

Harvesting should be done during the cool hours of the day as exposing fruits hot sunny conditions for extended periods results in uncontrolled ripening thus the fruit reaches the customer too ripe.

After harvesting the fruits should be kept in a cool place to reduce field heat. If they are meant for export, they should be stored in a cold room where the temperatures are maintained at 6-8 degrees.

Do not store avocadoes at temperatures below 4 degrees for extended periods as Low temperatures will prevent additional ripening when fruits are kept room temperatures or result in chilling injuries.

The objective of all these treatments is to ensure that the conditions the fruits are exposed to;  before, at harvest,  and during transit encourage slow ripening, healthy and visually attractive fruits.

When the above issues are considered and put into practice, I am assuring any farmer that his crop will be the best.

CARBONATED SOFT DRINKS VERSUS FRESH FRUIT JUICE

Kenya's soft drink market is worth approximately 1 billion dollars. A great portion of the market is dominated by carbonated soft drinks and synthetic juices. Fresh juices are now receiving positive publicity and there is growing demand for them. They are being touted as blood purifiers, antioxidants besides containing the necessary vitamins and nutrients.

On the other hand, carbonated drinks are being regarded as slow poisons and are being linked to conspiracy theories of a few illuminati who want to destroy the world through slow poisoning.

Unfortunately, small farmers are reaping less than 5% of this money in form of sales of fruits to middlemen, exporters and local juice makers. The farming of fruits in Kenya is disorganized especially among the small farmers thus the poor proceeds.

This is soon to change, thus signaling the end of dark days for farmers and usher a bright future.

This indicated by the entrance of many market players who are competing for produce from few farmers and increased demand even from consumers who make homemade juices.

MAKING FRUIT JUICES AT HOME

Making juices at home is nowadays simple because of the availability of affordable blenders in the market imported from China. They make it possible to produce high quality fresh fruit juice from the comfort of peoples home.

All one needs to do is to peel the fruits, cut them into small pieces then put them in a blender or juice extractor. A little water is added to reduce the thickness of fruit paste.

Once the blender is turned on and runs for about 2 minutes, the juice is ready for drinking. In this way; you will save money, gotten; nutrients, vitamins and fiber that are devoid in carbonated drinks and made sweet juice free of added artificial sugars.

MARKET PLAYERS IN THE SOFT DRINKS MARKET

Currently the Kenyan market is dominated by soft drink manufacturers like Coca cola, Pepsi, and Softa, who produce carbonated drinks. These drinks have raised health concerns in Europe, USA and other parts of the world.

They are suspected to be responsible for fuelling the increased numbers of people suffering from lifestyle diseases like hypertension, diabetes, gout and cancers resulting to a shift of focus to fresh juices.

ROLE OF THE MIDDLE CLASS IN THE FRESH FRUIT JUICE CONSUMPTION

The shift to fruit juices in Kenya has been caused by the changing preferences fueled by the rapidly budding middle class. This group is demanding and ready to pay for fresh juices; at are more expensive compared to carbonated soft drinks.

On the other hand they are avoiding carbonated drinks which are associated with lifestyle diseases. Though the shift has not substantially reduced the consumption of carbonated drinks, manufactures processors are developing strategies serve health conscious customers. 

The result of increased health awareness is the entrance of new players in the market; like Daima, Pick and Peel and Afia Juices whose niche is the consumer with health concerns.

These new entrants have been able to grab a significant market share that was formerly dominated by carbonated drinks and customers are choosing their products over carbonated and synthetic juices. 

EFFECT OF GROWING DEMAND OF FRESH JUICES

Multinationals like Coca-Cola have been forced to invest in the fresh juice production, which they previously ignored partly because of the logistics involved, and previous low demand of the product due to the cost.

Furthermore they have realized that the growing demand is sufficient for them to recoup their investments. This is good news farmers, since this has created a market of their fruits that in the past used to rot in their farms.

Years ago farmers were not able to find market during peak production for their fresh fruits like mangoes, passion fruit, guavas, apples but the current demand of such has created a shortage of fruits. The effect of this is the growth of income thus they are no investing in activities like irrigation to boost year round production.

CASE STUDY OF FRUIT FARMING IN KIAMBU DISTRICT

Farmers in Kiambu grew these crops in the past with the export market in focus. This was attributed to the returns realized from the local market. The stringent requirements of the export market made it uneconomical and difficult for the farmers to comply leading to a shift to the local market whose prices had improved dramatically.

Mr Mbogo a farmer in Githunguri in Kiambu says, “3 years ago, the size of my farm that was under passion fruit was 3 acres with the rest 5 acres dedicated to coffee.”

“I realized that the demand for passion fruit was so high, so I put all my land under passion fruit.

My strategy is to target hotels within Nairobi city where I sell 1 kilo of passion fruit at 250 Shillings.” says Mbogo. “I can now afford to pay fees for my three daughters in university” He adds.

Increased awareness of consumers on the health benefits of fresh fruit juice is surely going to change the fortunes of farmers. Multinationals like Coca Cola are now entering into contract farming farmers in Central Kenya.

Last year, the soft drinks maker entered into a deal with the Gates foundation to work with 54,000 small scale farmers in Kenya and Uganda for mango and passion juice production under a company known as Beverage Services Kenya. This company was latter, rebranded to Coca Cola juices Kenya.

Another case that is an indicator of changing market tastes is the multibillion investments currently being undertaken by companies like Del Monte Juices, Sameer Agriculture and Daima juices. Farmers should therefore position themselves to reap from these developments.

AVAILABILITY OF FRESH FRUITS IN KENYA

Passion fruits, strawberries, pineapples, pawpaw, lime, banana, tamarillo, African horned melon are available throughout the year, while mangoes, avocados and macadamia are seasonal. The chat below shows the times and availability of some fruits in Kenya

 

 

Make Millions of shillings from your small farm through integrated farm management.

Mr. Maina, is a successful farmer in Kiambu district Kenya has proved you don’t need hundreds or thousands of Acres of land to make millions. He also demonstrated to me that you don’t need to invest hundreds of thousands for you to achieve good income from your farm. “All you need is to think” he says. “I am using locally available materials, seeds and common sense he added.”

A section of the farm.

In a year he earns $ 20,000-30,000 after deducting all his expenses from his 4 acre farm which translates to about Ksh 2,000,000-3,000,000. Earning this amount of money as a small scale farmer is a tall order. He is not doing any extraordinary things but he strives to time the market requirements. All his production is aimed coincide with times of peak demand.

First i sought to know which crops; and what farming activities he undertakes to earn him such a tidy sum of money. His secret was how he organized his farm enterprises and proper timing of the market. His strategy is simple, yet it has borne him fruit.

“For many years i received mediocre returns from the farm when planting maize and other crops like the rest of the crowd”He laments! After gathering information on the internet and visiting farmer conferences, he decided to come up with the following strategy which proved highly successful.

1. Start a tree nursery

The basis of the idea was that farmers realized that the earning potential of trees in the long run is higher. Many farmers were busy planting fast growing Eucalyptus seedlings, trees that could mature within 8 years and the earnings of the tree once fully mature could fetch Ksh  35,000. Imagine if a farmer could plant at least 10 trees in his farm, he was to earn 350,000.

Mr. Maina said “The most profitable enterprise is the trees section rural communities have appreciated the role trees play in the environment. Whenever a farmer visits my farm, i encourage them to consider trees as a long term investment that will prove useful during a rainy day.”

a section of the tree nursery.

“For me to get maximum returns from trees i  ensure that just before the rainy seasons commence, the tree nursery is fully stocked with seedlings.” He quips. “I am able during the rainy season, to sells up to 10,000 tree seedlings each at between Kenya shillings 30-50 which translates to 300,000- 400,000 shillings.” He adds while smiling.

2. Preparing grafted Passion fruit, Avocado and Mango trees

He realized that most farmers have within his locality have not mastered the art grafting of crops. The area being a passion fruit producing center, he grafts purple passion fruit on yellow passion fruit rootstock. The yellow passion fruit root stock is the best rootstock since it is resistant to nematodes, and other soil borne diseases and pests.

Grafted mangoes ready for sale

Because of his many years experience, the failure rate of the grafted union is only 3% and all his customers have confidence in his products. For every grafted plant he earns 80 shillings and he is able to sell 4,000-5,000 of them per season; which translates to 320,000- 400,000 shillings. He also grafts mango and avocado seedlings which yield the same amount of money as the grafted passion.

4. Growing bananas

He realized that there is a lot of competition among farmers when it comes to producing maize, beans and vegetables so he decided to plant bananas. He planted 200 of them along a small stream that cuts his farm into two, so they consume very little space.  photo showing how bananas have been grown along the stream.

For every banana bunch produced, he earns 600 shillings that translates to 120,000 shillings clean money per year. He also harvests about 120 suckers per year which he sells at 150 shillings each. That earns him Shs 18,000.

5. Keeping bees

there is a part of his farm that is infertile because the basement rock is too close to the ground and only shrubs can grow there successfully. Being a secluded area, he decided to put 5 Top bee hives there. The hives yield 60 liters of honey per year. 1 liter is sold for Shs 5,00 therefore he earns Shs 30,000 per year.

6. Keeping cows

He has 4 Friesian cows that are Zero grazed in his farm in a day they yield a total of 20 liters which he sells at 40 shillings a liter. in a year, he is able to earn a total of 120,000 from his animals.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

7. Having fish ponds.

He decided to increase his income by digging to fishponds that hold 2,000 fish. He harvests once in a year when the fish have attained a weight of 500- 800 grams. Each fish fetches 250 shillings therefore he can earn up to 400,000 shillings.

 

In conclusion the i realize this success was not achieved in one day. It is through timing the market, being creative and ploughing back the profits to the farms. This strategy worked out for Mr. Maina it doesn't mean it will work for you. You need to first understand where you are, what the market requires before embarking into any investment. I hope to get a feedback from you, thank you.